How Early Can You Fill a Narcotic Prescription

Chemical substance with psycho-active backdrop

This commodity is about the drug classification. For the scuba diving reference, come across Nitrogen narcosis. For the sedative agent, come across Sedative. For hurting control medications of both narcotic and non-narcotic varieties, see Analgesic. For other uses, see Narcotic (disambiguation).

Heroin, a powerful opioid and narcotic

The term narcotic (, from ancient Greek ναρκῶ narkō, "to make numb") originally referred medically to any psychoactive compound with numbing or paralyzing properties.^[1] In the United States, it has since go associated with opiates and opioids, commonly morphine and heroin, as well as derivatives of many of the compounds found within raw opium latex. The primary three are morphine, codeine, and thebaine (while thebaine itself is just very mildly psychoactive, it is a crucial precursor in the vast majority of semi-constructed opioids, such every bit oxycodone or hydrocodone).

Legally speaking, the term "narcotic" may be imprecisely divers and typically has negative connotations.^{[two] [3]} When used in a legal context in the U.S., a narcotic drug is totally prohibited, such as heroin, or i that is used in violation of governmental regulation.

In the medical community, the term is more precisely defined and generally does not carry the aforementioned negative connotations.^{[4] [5] [6]}

Statutory nomenclature of a drug equally a narcotic oft increases the penalties for violation of drug control statutes. For instance, although U.S. federal police force classifies both cocaine and amphetamines equally "Schedule 2" drugs, the penalisation for possession of cocaine is greater than the penalization for possession of amphetamines considering cocaine, unlike amphetamines, is classified equally a narcotic.^[7]

United Nations [edit]

Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 [edit]

The adoption of this Convention is regarded as a milestone in the history of the international drug ban. The Unmarried Convention codified all existing multilateral treaties on drug control and extended the existing control systems to include the cultivation of plants that were grown as the raw material of narcotic drugs. The chief objectives of the Convention are to limit the possession, employ, trade, distribution, import, export, manufacture, and production of drugs exclusively for medical and scientific purposes, and to accost drug trafficking through international cooperation to deter and discourage drug traffickers. The Convention also established the International Narcotics Control Board, merging the Permanent Central Board and the Drug Supervisory Board.^[8]

The 1961 Convention seeks to control more than than 116 drugs that it classifies as narcotic. These include:

• plant-based products such equally opium and its derivatives morphine, codeine, and heroin (the principal category of drug listed in the Convention);
• constructed narcotics such as methadone and pethidine; and
• cannabis, coca, and cocaine.

The Convention divides drugs into iv groups, or schedules, to enforce a greater or lesser caste of control for the various substances and compounds. Opium smoking and eating, coca leaf chewing, cannabis resin smoking, and the non-medical utilise of cannabis are prohibited. The 1972 Protocol to this Convention calls for increased efforts to prevent illicit product of, traffic in, and use of narcotics as defined by the Convention, while highlighting the need to provide treatment and rehabilitation services to drug abusers.^[9]

INCB Yellow Listing [edit]

This document contains the current list of narcotic drugs nether international command and additional information to assist governments in filling in the International Narcotics Command Board questionnaires related to narcotic drugs, namely, class A, course B and grade C.^[10]

In medicine, a chemical agent that induces stupor, coma, or insensibility to pain (also chosen narcotic analgesic).

In the context of international drug control, "narcotic drug" means whatever drug divers as such under the 1961 Convention.^[11]

World Wellness Organization [edit]

Studies on the definition of apocryphal medicines in WHO member states [edit]

iv. Assessment of the definitions of counterfeit medicines (or equivalent) in the Member States

iv.2 The nature of legal definitions: the unambiguity requirement

In order to avoid room for divergence in interpretation, lawmakers (codificators) sometimes deviate from etymological (definiendum plus definientia) definitions. In doing and then, they approach the term from the law enforcement point of view. The best instance is the definition of narcotics in the United nations Conventions. Narcotics are substances and preparations that induce drowsiness, slumber, stupor, insensibility, etc., and that these furnishings (and their charge per unit) are complicated to evidence, e.g. during litigation. Thus, the legal definition of a narcotic is whether or non information technology is listed on the Schedules of the Convention. If information technology is on some of the Schedules, it is narcotic.^[12]

Lexicon of alcohol and drug terms published past the Earth Health System [edit]

The term usually refers to opiates or opioids, which are called narcotic analgesics. In common parlance and legal usage, information technology is frequently used imprecisely to mean illicit drugs, irrespective of their pharmacology. For case, narcotics control legislation in Canada, the USA, and certain other countries includes cocaine and cannabis as well equally opioids (encounter also conventions, international drug). Because of this variation in usage, the term is best replaced past ane with a more specific meaning (e.g. opioid).^[13]

United States [edit]

Department 1300.01 Definitions relating to controlled substances:

(b) As used in parts 1301 through 1308 and part 1312 of this chapter, the following terms shall take the meanings specified:

(30) The term narcotic drug ways any of the post-obit whether produced directly or indirectly past extraction from substances of vegetable origin or independently using chemical synthesis or past a combination of extraction and chemical synthesis:

(i) Opium, opiates, derivatives of opium and opiates, including their isomers, esters, ethers, salts, and salts of isomers, esters, and ethers whenever the existence of such isomers, esters, ethers, and salts is possible within the specific chemical designation. Such a term does not include the isoquinoline alkaloids of opium.

(ii) Poppy straw and concentrate of poppy straw.

(iii) Coca leaves, except coca leaves and extracts of coca leaves from which cocaine, ecgonine and derivatives of ecgonine or their salts accept been removed.

(four) Cocaine, its salts, optical and geometric isomers, and salts of isomers.

(5) Ecgonine, its derivatives, their salts, isomers, and salts of isomers.

(vi) Whatsoever compound, mixture, or grooming which contains any quantity of whatever of the substances referred to in paragraphs (b)(31)(i) through (5) of this section.^[14]

A 1984 amendment to 21 USC (Controlled Substances Act), Section 802 expanded and revised definition of "narcotic drug", including within term poppy straw, cocaine, and ecgonine.^[15]

US v. Stieren [edit]

608 F.2nd 1135

U.s.a. Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit. Decided Oct. 31, 1979. LAY, Circuit Judge.

John Arthur Stieren appeals from the judgment of confidence for possession of cocaine with intent to distribute and dispense under 21 The statesC. § 841(a)(1). Stieren contends that the statute is unconstitutional because "cocaine is classified as a narcotic nether Schedule II of 21 UsaC. § 812(c) when as a matter of scientific and medical fact cocaine is not a narcotic but is a non-narcotic stimulant."

The sufficiency of the prove is not disputed. Stieren was convicted afterward special agents testified that he had and attempted to sell them a large quantity of cocaine. Accused urges that the testimony and reports by physicians and scientists demonstrate that cocaine is not a narcotic. He also cites cases that hold that cocaine is not a narcotic under the pharmacological definition of the term. State v. Erickson, 574 P.2d 1 (Alaska 1978).

It is within the legislative prerogative to classify cocaine, which is a non-narcotic central nervous organisation stimulant, as a narcotic for penalization and regulatory purposes. 21 U.S.C. § 802(16)(A). The use of cocaine poses serious problems for the community and has a high potential for abuse. Congress's pick of punishment reflects a societal policy that must be adhered to by the courts.2 Congress has the power to reclassify cocaine. This power has been delegated to the Chaser General. 21 UsaC. § 811(a)(1). If cocaine is to be reclassified, the accused'due south arguments should be made to the legislative branch, not the courts.

We hold that Congress had a rational legislative purpose when it classified cocaine as a Schedule 2 narcotic drug to impose penalties.

JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.^[sixteen]

History [edit]

The term "narcotic" is believed to have been coined past the Greek physician Galen to refer to agents that numb or deaden, causing loss of feeling or paralysis. It is based on the Greek word ναρκωσις (narcosis), the term used past Hippocrates for the process of numbing or the numbed country. Galen listed mandrake root, altercus (eclata),^{[17] [ failed verification ]} seeds, and poppy juice (opium) equally the main examples.^{[18] [19]} Information technology originally referred to whatsoever substance that relieved pain, dulled the senses, or induced sleep.^[xx] Now, the term is used in many ways. Some people might define narcotics as substances that demark at opioid receptors (cellular membrane proteins activated past substances similar heroin or morphine), while others refer to any illicit substance as a narcotic. From a U.S. legal perspective, narcotics refer to opium, opium derivatives, and their semi-constructed substitutes,^[21] though in U.S. law, due to its numbing backdrop, cocaine is also considered a narcotic.

Sense of "whatever illegal drug" first recorded 1926, Amer.Eng. The adj. is get-go attested c.1600.^[22] There are many different types of narcotics. The 2 about common forms of narcotic drugs are morphine and codeine. Both are synthesized from opium for medicinal use. The almost commonly used drug for recreational purposes created from opium is heroin. Synthesized drugs created with an opium base for use in pain management are fentanyl, oxycodone, tramadol, pethidine (Demerol), hydrocodone, methadone, and hydromorphone. New forms of existing hurting medications are existence created regularly. The newest conception to come out was in 2014, when zohydro, an increased dosage formula of hydrocodone was released; this information technology is the strongest hydrocodone formulation yet created for hurting management, on par with a moderate dose of oxycodone .^[23]

Analgesics [edit]

Analgesics are drugs that salvage hurting. There are 2 primary types: not-narcotic analgesics for mild pain, and narcotic analgesics for astringent pain.^[24]

Narcotic analgesics [edit]

Narcotic analgesics tend to be opioids. They demark to opioid receptors which are M-Protein coupled receptors distributed in encephalon, spinal cord, digestive tract, peripheral neurons. ^[25]

Machinery [edit]

There are iii types of opioid receptors: Mu (μ-opioid receptors), delta, and kappa (κ-opioid receptor). Endogenous opioids (enkephalins, dynorphin, endorphin) do not bind specifically to any item opioid receptor. Receptor binding of the opioid causes a cascade leading to the aqueduct opening and hyperpolarization of the neuron. The opioid receptors have the following channel types: Mu, K+ channel; l Delta, K+ aqueduct; Kappa, Ca2+ channel. Hyperpolarization tin lead to post-synaptic neural inhibition and presynaptic inhibition of neurotransmitter release. Post-synaptic neural inhibition tin reduce analgesia and central hyperactivity may reduce its efficacy. The machinery of Kappa receptors is slightly different than Mu and Delta, in that Ca2+ channels close instead of K+ channels, and K+ channels open in mu and delta. ^[26]

See as well [edit]

• Commission on Narcotic Drugs
• East African drug trade
• Equianalgesic
• Narcoterrorism
• Narcotics Anonymous
• Opioid
• Prohibition of drugs

References [edit]

1. ^ Anstie, Francis Edmund (1865). Stimulants and Narcotics, Their Common Relations: With Special Researches on the Action of Alcohol, Aether and Chloroform on the Vital Organism. Lindsay and Blakiston. p. 152.
2. ^ Julien, Robert M. A Primer of Drug Action. 11th edition. Claire D. Advokat, Joseph Due east. Comaty, eds. New York: Worth Publishers: 2008. page 537.
3. ^ Mangione MP, Matoka M: Improving Pain Management Advice. How Patients Empathise the terms "Opioid" and "Narcotic." Journal of General Internal Medicine 2008; vol 23:9 1336–1338.
4. ^ NIH.gov Retrieved November 10, 2015
5. ^ Oxford Dictionaries (note definition 1.one (medicine))  Retrieved November x, 2015
6. ^ Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Retrieved Nov 10, 2015
7. ^ Carl B. Schultz (1983). "NOTE AND Annotate: Statutory Classification of Cocaine as a Narcotic: An Illogical Anachronism and in Colombia this are more than the narcotic and the drugs". ix Am. J. 50. and Med. 225.
8. ^ Convention 1961 Archived 2009-05-20 at the Wayback Machine. Incb.org. Retrieved on 2011-09-24.
9. ^ Illicit Drugs – Drug Definitions. UNODC. Retrieved on 2011-09-24.
10. ^ LIST OF NARCOTIC DRUGS Nether INTERNATIONAL Command Archived 2011-07-26 at the Wayback Machine. Yellow List. International Narcotics Control Board. 49th edition, December 2010
11. ^ TERMINOLOGY AND INFORMATION ON DRUGS. (PDF) . Second edition. United Nations Office on Drugs and Criminal offence. 2003. Retrieved on 2011-09-24.
12. ^ PRELIMINARY DRAFT SURVEY ON NATIONAL LEGISLATION ON "COUNTERFEIT MEDICINES". (PDF). Earth Health Organisation. 4 May 2010. Retrieved on 2011-09-24.
13. ^ WHO | Lexicon of alcohol and drug terms published by the Globe Wellness Organization. Who.int (2010-12-09). Retrieved on 2011-09-24.
14. ^ Championship 21 CFR, Part 1300-1399. Us Department of Justice. Drug Enforcement Assistants. Apr one, 2010
15. ^ Title 21 Usa Lawmaking (USC) Controlled Substances Act. Section 802. Definitions. US Department of Justice. Drug Enforcement Assistants
16. ^ 608 F.second 1135 Archived 2011-07-27 at the Wayback Automobile. Bulk.resource.org. Retrieved on 2011-09-24.
17. ^ J. Richard Stracke (1974). The Laud Herbal Glossary. Rodopi. ISBN9062034977.
18. ^ Francis Edmund Anstie (1865). Stimulants and Narcotics: their common relations. ISBN9780405135682.
19. ^ "De Furore, cap 6" (in Latin).
20. ^ Julien, Robert M. See A Primer of Drug Action full citation above.
21. ^ Narcotics Drug Addiction Help Rehabilitation Recovery Resource. Drug-rehab-referral.org. Retrieved on 2011-09-24.
22. ^ Online Etymology Dictionary. Etymonline.com. Retrieved on 2011-09-24.
23. ^ "List of Narcotic Drugs – Illegal and Prescription Narcotics Drugs Furnishings". Retrieved 18 March 2017.
24. ^ General Drug Categories. Fda.gov (2009-08-11). Retrieved on 2011-09-24.
25. ^ Dhawan, B. N.; Cesselin, F.; Raghubir, R.; Reisine, T.; Bradley, P. B.; Portoghese, P. S.; Hamon, Yard. (1996). "International Union of Pharmacology. XII. Classification of opioid receptors". Pharmacological Reviews. 48 (iv): 567–92. PMID 8981566.
26. ^ Dickenson, A H (1991). "Mechanisms of the analgesic actions of opiates and opioids". British Medical Message. 47 (3): 690–702. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072501. ISSN 1471-8391. PMID 1665377.

External links [edit]

Look up narcotic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Pharmer.org—A non-profit site providing detailed descriptions of most narcotic analgesics
• List of controlled substances, some of which are classified as "narcotics", in the U.S. Controlled Substances Deed (CSA). Not all of the classified ones are chemically narcotic, as described at the top of this page.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcotic

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